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Abstract
How did Swedish diplomats report the persecution and killing of European Jewry by Nazi Germany in the 1930s and during the Second World War? What did the Swedish Ministry for Foreign Affairs do with reports on the Holocaust during the war, and to what extent did such reports affect policy? This article shows that Swedish diplomats provided their superiors with reliable, if at times unverifiable, information about the different phases of the Holocaust from 1933 until the end of 1942, and argues that awareness of the transition from persecution to mass murder did not alter Swedish refugee policies. The author thus details the process whereby knowledge of the annihilation of the European Jews seeped out from eastern Europe by examining Swedish diplomatic reports on the Holocaust. Furthermore, he sheds new light on the history of Swedish refugee policies and Swedish German relations during the Nazi period.

Raul Hilberg's landmark study of the Holocaust, The Destruction of the European Jews, was published in 1961. This article tells the story of the early response to Hilberg's book. For the first time, journalists, scholars, intellectuals and representatives of Jewish communities engaged in a debate about the history and political significance of the Holocaust. This debate preceded the controversy surrounding Hannah Arendt's articles on the trial of Adolf Eichmann and had more far-reaching consequences. Countless reviewers in the American press praised Hilberg's analysis of the bureaucratic administration of genocide. They noted his conclusion that all of German society was involved in the 'destruction process' and its implications for the contemporary West German leadership. Scholars also lauded Hilberg's book, although some of them criticized his inclusive perpetrator category and argued that he overlooked the importance of Nazi ideology and dictatorship. Hilberg's claim that Jewish victims abetted their persecutors gave rise to a debate in Jewish journals and newspapers. Writers and historians objected to Hilberg's purported ignorance of their experiences and of Jewish history. As this article shows, the reception of Hilberg's work marks a crucial step in the formation of the Holocaust as part of historical consciousness.

International audience ; En tant que terme historique, le fascisme se rattache essentiellement à la période de l'entre-deux-guerres, où il fut employé par le régime italien et toute une série de mouvements de moindre envergure dans d'autres pays. Mais en tant que concept politique, il a une histoire bien plus vaste et plus longue, qui se poursuit jusqu'à nos jours. Quel rapport l'histoire du fascisme entretient-elle avec le fascisme en tant que concept politique générique ? Dans cet entretien, l'historien britannique Roger Griffin, meilleur spécialiste des études comparatives sur le fascisme, répond à cette question et à d'autres connexes. Il développe son point de vue sur l'histoire et la doctrine du fascisme, revient sur l'émergence et l'essor de ce mouvement entre les deux guerres et explique pourquoi il a prospéré dans certains pays, tandis qu'il restait marginal dans d'autres. S'appuyant sur sa propre définition du fascisme (une idéologie centrée sur le mythe de la renaissance nationale), Griffin décrit le lien qui existe entre l'histoire du phénomène et le concept politique, avant, en fin d'entretien, de commenter l'emploi du terme « fascisme » dans le contexte politique actuel et d'expliquer comment distinguer le fascisme d'autres idéologies de droite.

As a historical term, fascism is essentially related to the period of the interwar period, when it was used by the Italian regime and a wide range of smaller movements in other countries. But as a political concept, it has a much broader and longer history, which continues until today. How does the history of fascism relate to fascism as a generic policy concept? In this interview, British historian Roger Griffin, the best specialist in comparative studies on fascism, answers this and other related questions. He developed his views on the history and doctrine of fascism, referred to the emergence and development of this movement between the two wars and explained why it had flourished in some countries, while it remained marginal in others. Based on its own definition of fascism (an ideology centred on the myth of national renaissance), Griffin describes the link between the history of the phenomenon and the political concept, before, at the end of the interview, commenting on the use of the term 'fascism' in the current political context and explaining how fascism can be distinguished from other right-wing ideologies. ; International audience ; As a historical term, fascism is essentially related to the period of the interwar period, when it was used by the Italian regime and a wide range of smaller movements in other countries. But as a political concept, it has a much broader and longer history, which continues until today. How does the history of fascism relate to fascism as a generic policy concept? In this interview, British historian Roger Griffin, the best specialist in comparative studies on fascism, answers this and other related questions. He developed his views on the history and doctrine of fascism, referred to the emergence and development of this movement between the two wars and explained why it had flourished in some countries, while it remained marginal in others. Based on its own definition of fascism (an ideology centred on the myth of national renaissance), Griffin describes the link between ...